Influence of migration on the thought process of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis

Objective: To assess the influence of migration on the psychopathological presentation of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: This study is part of the Subclinical Symptoms and Prodromal Psychosis (SSAPP) project, a cohort study in São Paulo, Brazil, designed to follow individuals at UHR. After screening with the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ) and a clinical interview, the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) was administered, a neuropsychological assessment was performed, sociodemographic and migration data were obtained. We then analyzed UHR individuals who had migration data to see if migration had any effect on their cognition and psychopathology. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables, and Student's t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for nonparametric and parametric distributions, respectively. Results: The sample was composed of 42 at-risk subjects, of whom 5 had a migration history in the past two generations. Those with migration history showed significantly more formal thought disturbances (p = 0.012) and sleeping problems (p = 0.033) compared to those without. Conclusions: Our data reinforce migration as a risk factor for psychosis in developing countries as well, and highlights the importance of studying the specific effect of this factor in UHR psychopathology.

Influence of migration on the thought process of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of migration on the psychopathological presentation of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This study is part of the Subclinical Symptoms and Prodromal Psychosis (SSAPP) project, a cohort study in São Paulo, Brazil, designed to follow individuals at UHR. After screening with the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ) and a clinical interview, the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) was administered, a neuropsychological assessment was performed, sociodemographic and migration data were obtained. We then analyzed UHR individuals who had migration data to see if migration had any effect on their cognition and psychopathology. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables, and Student's t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for nonparametric and parametric distributions, respectively. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 42 at-risk subjects, of whom 5 had a migration history in the past two generations. Those with migration history showed significantly more formal thought disturbances (p = 0.012) and sleeping problems (p = 0.033) compared to those without. CONCLUSIONS: Our data reinforce migration as a risk factor for psychosis in developing countries as well, and highlights the importance of studying the specific effect of this factor in UHR psychopathology.

Risk factors associated with mammary tumors in female dogs / Fatores de risco para tumores mamários em cadelas de Uberlândia e Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais

Mammary tumors in female dogs are the most frequent and corresponds to half of the canine tumors. The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of mammary tumors in female dogs and to evaluate the macroscopic characteristics of these neoformations, using 386 dogs from the "Outubro Rosa Pets" events done within the cities of Uberlândia and Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in 2015 (n=194), 2016 (n=105) and 2017 (n=87). For the determination of risk factors, the binary logistic regression test (P<0.05) was performed. The occurrence of mammary tumors was 23.6% (91/386). The significant risk factors identified were increased age (P<0.001), overweight (P=0.048) and non-castration (P<0.001) with a chance of, respectively, 1.6, 2.3 and 9.3 times for the development of mammary tumors. In dogs with mammary tumors (n=91), 153 lesions were present, of which 39 female dogs had two or more lesions (42.8%). Most of the lesions were at the caudal abdominal (M4) and inguinal (M5) mammary glands (60.13%, 92/153). Relative to the size of the lesions, it was observed that in 78% of the female dogs the lesions were determined asT1 (<3cm), 16.5% were T2 (3-5cm) and 5.5% T3 (>5cm). At least 15.4% (14/91) of the dogs had one of the regional lymph nodes increased. In conclusion, the occurrence of mammary tumors in the evaluated population was 23.6% and that age, overweight and non-realization of ovariohysterectomy are risk factors associated with the development of mammary tumors.(AU)

Em cadelas os tumores mamários são os mais frequentes e correspondem a aproximadamente metade dos tumores em cães. Este estudo teve os objetivos de determinar os fatores de risco envolvidos na ocorrência de tumores mamários em cadelas e avaliar as características macroscópicas destas neoformações, utilizando 386 cadelas do evento "Outubro Rosa Pets" nos municípios de Uberlândia e Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em 2015 (n=194), 2016 (n=105) e 2017 (n=87). Para a determinação dos fatores de risco utilizou-se o teste de Regressão logística binária (P<0,05). A ocorrência de tumores mamários foi de 23,6% (91/386). Os fatores de risco significativos identificados foram aumento da idade (P<0,001), sobrepeso (P=0,048) e não-castração (P<0,001) com a chance de, respectivamente, 1,6, 2,3 e 9,3 vezes de desenvolvimento de tumores mamários. Nas cadelas com tumores mamários (n=91), constatou-se a presença de 153 lesões, sendo que 39 cadelas apresentaram duas ou mais lesões (42,8%). A maioria das lesões localizaram-se nas mamas abdominais caudais (M4) e inguinais (M5) (60,13%; 92/153). Em relação ao tamanho das lesões, observou-se que 78% das cadelas eram T1 (<3cm), 16,5% T2 (3-5cm) e 5,5% T3 (>5cm). Pelo menos 15,4% (14/91) das cadelas apresentaram um dos linfonodos regionais aumentados. Conclui-se que a ocorrência dos tumores mamários na população avaliada foi de 23,6% e que a idade, sobrepeso e não ovariohisterectomia são fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de tumores mamários.(AU)

Diferenças nas situações de risco para HIV de homens bissexuais em suas relações com homens e mulheres / Differences in HIV-risk behavior of bisexual men in their relationships with men and women / Differences in HIV-risk behavior of bisexual men in their relationships with men and women

OBJETIVO: Descrever o comportamento bissexual masculino quanto à identidade sexual, uso de preservativo, freqüência de relações sexuais e tipos de parceria e verificar diferenças entre práticas protegidas nas suas relações com homens e mulheres. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal aninhado em coorte de homossexuais e bissexuais HIV negativos implantada em 1994 em Belo Horizonte (Projeto Horizonte). Dos 1.025 voluntários recrutados entre 1994 e 2005, foram selecionados 195 que relataram, na admissão, ter tido relações sexuais com homens e mulheres nos seis meses anteriores à entrevista. Foi criado índice de risco comportamental, designado Índice de Risco Horizonte, que incorpora uma constante para cada prática sexual não protegida, ajustada segundo o número de encontros sexuais. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio de atividade sexual com homens; a maioria se auto-referiu como bissexual (55 por cento) e homossexual (26 por cento). A mediana do número de parceiros homens ocasionais nos últimos seis meses (4) foi superior ao de parceiras ocasionais (2) e de parceiros fixos de ambos os sexos (1). No sexo vaginal com parceira fixa, o uso inconsistente do preservativo foi de 55 por cento, comparado com 35 por cento e 55 por cento no sexo anal insertivo e receptivo com parceiros fixos. O índice foi maior para os que relataram terem tido sexo com homens e mulheres comparado com os que tiveram sexo exclusivamente com mulheres ou homens. CONCLUSÕES: As situações de risco para HIV foram mais freqüentes entre os homens que relataram atividade sexual com homens e mulheres. Os comportamentos sexuais e de proteção dos bissexuais diferem conforme gênero e estabilidade da parceria, havendo maior desproteção com parceiras fixas mulheres.

OBJECTIVE: To describe bisexual men's behavior in terms of sexual identity, condom use, frequency of sexual intercourse and types of partners and to determine rates of inconsistent condom according to partner's gender. METHODS: Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of HIV-negative homosexual and bisexual men in the city of Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil, followed up since 1994 (Horizonte Project). Of 1,025 subjects enrolled between 1994 and 2005, 195 volunteers who reported at admission having sexual relations with men and women during the previous six months were selected. A behavioral risk index, called Horizonte Risk Index, was estimated. It incorporates a constant assigned to each type of unprotected sexual act, adjusted for the number of sexual encounters. RESULTS: Sexual activity with men predominated; most considered themselves as bisexual (55 percent) and homosexual (26 percent). During the six months prior to the study, median number of casual male partners (4) was higher than both casual female partners (2) and steady male or female partners (1). During vaginal sex with a steady partner, the rate of inconsistent condom use was 55 percent, compared to 35 percent and 55 percent in anal insertive and anal receptive sex, respectively, with steady male partners. The index was higher for those having sex with men and women compared to those having sex either exclusively with women or men (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: HIV risk behavior was more frequent among men who reported sexual activity both with men and women. Bisexual men display different sexual and protective behavior according to gender and steadiness of relationships, and female steady partners had more unprotected encounters.

[Differences in HIV-risk behavior of bisexual men in their relationships with men and women]. / Diferenças nas situações de risco para HIV de homens bissexuais em suas relações com homens e mulheres.

OBJECTIVE: To describe bisexual men's behavior in terms of sexual identity, condom use, frequency of sexual intercourse and types of partners and to determine rates of inconsistent condom according to partner's gender. METHODS: Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of HIV-negative homosexual and bisexual men in the city of Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil, followed up since 1994 (Horizonte Project). Of 1,025 subjects enrolled between 1994 and 2005, 195 volunteers who reported at admission having sexual relations with men and women during the previous six months were selected. A behavioral risk index, called Horizonte Risk Index, was estimated. It incorporates a constant assigned to each type of unprotected sexual act, adjusted for the number of sexual encounters. RESULTS: Sexual activity with men predominated; most considered themselves as bisexual (55%) and homosexual (26%). During the six months prior to the study, median number of casual male partners (4) was higher than both casual female partners (2) and steady male or female partners (1). During vaginal sex with a steady partner, the rate of inconsistent condom use was 55%, compared to 35% and 55% in anal insertive and anal receptive sex, respectively, with steady male partners. The index was higher for those having sex with men and women compared to those having sex either exclusively with women or men (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: HIV risk behavior was more frequent among men who reported sexual activity both with men and women. Bisexual men display different sexual and protective behavior according to gender and steadiness of relationships, and female steady partners had more unprotected encounters.